Maps summarizing the import,
export, and domestic crypto controls around the world. Test your geographic
knowledge!
Also see Simon Hunt's Google map of
International Crypto and Encryption Law.
For background information, see my Ph.D. thesis, The Crypto Controversy. A Key Conflict in the Information
Society (Kluwer Law International, 1999). How can and should governments address the
law-enforcement problems of cryptography?
This survey gives an overview of the current state of affairs, with entries per country on
import/export controls, domestic
laws, developments to restrict cryptography, and developments favoring crypto use. For more
background on the crypto
policy dilemma, see my Ph.D. thesis The Crypto
Controversy. A Key Conflict in the Information Society (Kluwer Law
International, 1999).
Cryptography used for digital signatures is not covered by
this survey. For regulation of digital signatures, see
Digital
Signatures and Law.
See also (but largely outdated): Stewart Baker & Paul Hurst, sub免费网络加速器from August 1998 and
the extensive survey by EPIC and GILC,
Cryptography and Liberty 2000
(earlier version: 1998). And see generally on export controls
Simo-Pekka Parviainen's 旋风sub加速器 (particularly on the EU).
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This survey of cryptography laws is based on several reports, information from the Internet
and personal communications. I
have not consulted all original texts of relevant regulations; in many cases, I have relied on the
sources listed. These
findings, therefore, do not pretend to be exhaustive or legally reliable.
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I thank all who have provided me with information for this survey. Please send comments,
corrections, updates, and
additional information to E.J.Koops@uvt.nl to
help me keep this survey updated. If you have questions, feel free to ask,
but please check the FAQ first.
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(* indicates that the item has been updated since July 2010)
Quick index
International - A - B
- C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - P - R - S - T - U - V
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sub免费网络加速器电脑版下载 of import, export, and
domestic controls
Wassenaar Arrangement / COCOM
Council of Europe Â
European Union Â
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Antigua and BarbudaÂ
Argentina
Australia
(*)Â
Austria
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgium
(*)
Brazil
Bulgaria
Â
Burma
Cambodia
Canada
(*)
Chile
People's Republic of China
(*)Â
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Colombia
Costa Rica
Czech republic
Denmark
Egypt
Estonia
Finland
France (*)
Germany Â
Ghana
Great Britain, see United Kingdom
Greece
Hong Kong, see at People's Republic of China
Hungary Â
Iceland
India Â
Indonesia
Â
IranÂ
Ireland
(*)
Israel Â
Italy Â
Japan
Kazakhstan
Â
Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
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Lithuania
Â
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Malaysia
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
(*)
Morocco
Myanmar, see Burma
The Netherlands
Import/ export controls
Domestic laws and regulations
Â
给Apple公司写文案是种什么体验？:2021-9-20 · 再过不到半年，iPhone 7 就要在库克身后的大屏幕上露脸了。每年这时候，当其他人在兴奋地讨论值不值得为 Apple 新产品卖掉一个肾的时候，我脑海里浮现的总是一些你伔不曾经历过的画面。
Decryption command (telecom providers) Â
Decryption command and powers (security
services)
Â
Developments to restrict cryptography
1994 pre-draft law
Extension of decryption command (law
enforcement) (*)Â
